Lutheran vs Non-Denominational: What’s the Difference?

The Lutheran tradition is a 500-year-old branch of Protestant Christianity. Non-denominational churches are a fast-growing segment of evangelical Christianity, especially in the United States and Europe. These Christian traditions have similarities and differences. What are they?

Lutheranism is a collection of synods (or districts) and churches with historical roots in the teachings and ministry of German Reformer Martin Luther (1483-1546). Non-denominational churches are independent congregations with various theological convictions that are conservative in doctrine and practice.

What are the similarities between Lutheranism and non-denominational churches? How different are their beliefs about God, Jesus Christ, salvation, the Holy Spirit, the Lord’s Supper, and the end times? Keep reading to learn more.

Many people are curious about the similarities and differences between Lutheranism and the Episcopal Church. See Lutheran vs. Episcopal: What’s the Difference? to learn more.

Lutheran and Non-Denominational Churches Compared

On the one hand, Lutheranism is a branch of Protestant Christianity historically held to a defined set of convictions based on the Bible.

Though in the 20th century, some Lutheran synods distanced themselves from their heritage, their theological and practical roots are unchangeable. (Also see What Is the Most Conservative Lutheran Synod?)

On the other hand, non-denominational churches have various histories, convictions, and practices that are as numerous and varied as the stars in the sky.

Overview of Similarities and Differences

	Lutheran churches	Non-denominational churches
Branch of Christianity	Protestant	Protestant
Historical roots	16th century Germany, Martin Luther	Churches exist in synods, i.e., conferences or districts; some denominations have bishops, some don’t; congregations typically vote on pastors.
Organization	Churches exist in synods, i.e., conferences or districts; some denominations have bishops, some don’t; congregations typically vote on pastors.	Churches are independent and, by definition, don’t belong to a congregation; some “associate” with like-minded churches, primarily for ministerial purposes like serving meals to the homeless.
Theological and Social worldview	It depends on the synod; the LCMS and WELS are conservative; the ELCA is moderate to liberal depending on the congregation**	Mostly conservative evangelical

* Why do non-denominational churches arise in places that value religious freedom? Anyone can start a church in America and other countries that embrace religious freedom because the government doesn’t restrict them from doing so.

In countries with less religious freedom, the government limits, sanctions, or regulates religious expression in ways that prohibit the establishment of independent (and even denominational) churches.

** What are the largest Lutheran synods today? The LCMS is the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod; the WELS is the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; the ELCA is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, which is the result of a 1988 three-way merger between the American Lutheran Church (ALC), the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), and Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches (AELC).

Something many people wonder about Christianity is, Do All Denominations Go to Heaven? Follow the link to learn the answer to this critical question.

Comparison of Beliefs and Practices

	Lutheran churches	Non-denominational churches
Theology (general)	Protestant Christianity	Protestant Christianity
Theology (specific)	“Lutheranism” isn’t just the name of the tradition but the theological system within it.	A church could be Arminian or Calvinistic in its theology; there are often Baptist-like elements in non-denominational churches, no matter their theological convictions.*
View of the Bible	Conservative synods (see above) affirm Scripture’s authority, inspiration, and inerrancy; moderate-liberal synods view the Bible as a helpful guide to belief and practice but an imperfect one at best.	Non-denominational churches are generally evangelical and conservative; the authority, inspiration, and inerrancy of Scripture are often part of their doctrinal statements
View of God	Trinitarian	Trinitarian
View of the Atonement	Conservative synods affirm the truth of the Gospel and believe that Christ took the place of sinners and paid their penalty on the cross; moderate-liberal synods see the death of Christ as an example of dying for something you believe in.	Affirm the truth of the Gospel and believe that Christ took the place of sinners and paid their penalty on the cross.
View of Salvation	Affirm the truth of the Gospel and believe Christ took the place of sinners and paid their penalty on the cross.	They could be Calvinist or Arminian, but not Lutheran.

	Lutheran churches	Non-denominational churches
View of the Holy Spirit	Most Lutheran synods and churches are cessationist, meaning they don’t hold to charismatic and Pentecostal expressions of Christianity; some small movements like Lutheran Renewal advocate for continuationism and speaking in tongues.	They could be cessassionist or continuationist.
View of the Church	The Church is the bride of Christ; believers should be regularly involved in the life of a local church, but membership isn’t required for salvation.	The Church is the bride of Christ; believers should be regularly involved in the life of a local church, but membership isn’t required for salvation.**
View of the Ordinances	There are two: baptism and the Lord’s Supper or communion.**	There are two: baptism and the Lord’s Supper or communion.***
View of the Lord’s Supper	The real body and blood of Christ are believed to be “in, with, and under” the bread and cup.	Mostly seen as a memorial of the death of Christ.
View of the Baptism	Pastors baptize infants who receive the gift of regeneration of the Holy Spirit; faith is necessary for grace to be given (unlike Catholicism).	Most practice “believer’s baptism,” which describes the conviction that only professing believers should be baptized; infants aren’t baptized, but children can be as soon as they can make a genuine profession of faith.
View of the End times	Lutheranism is Amillennial, meaning it interprets the 1,000-year period described in Revelation 20:1-6 figuratively and defines it as the time between Christ’s first and second coming (i.e., the Church Age).	Many are dispensational and premillennial; those with Reformed theology may be Premillennial (similar to Reformed Baptists) or Amillennial.

* Why are so many non-denominational churches similar to Baptist churches? The Baptist tradition values the autonomy of local churches and congregations. It isn’t opposed to regional or district organization; it is opposed to non-congregational authority. (Also see Lutheran vs. Baptist: What’s the Difference?)

The Baptist tradition also values the separation of Church and State. Non-denominational churches also value these convictions because they couldn’t exist or operate without them.

** Luther said: “Therefore, it comes about that no one attains grace because he is absolved or baptized or receives Communion or is anointed, but because he believes that he attains grace by being absolved, baptized, receiving Communion, and being anointed in this way.”

He continues, “It is not the sacrament but faith in the sacrament that justifies. Likewise, the well-known statement of St. Augustine: ‘It justifies not because it is performed, but because it is believed.’”

*** Non-denominational churches are similar to Baptist churches in their view of the ordinances: Non-denominational churches not only adopt the infrastructure of Baptist churches, but many have adopted elements of Baptistic theology, especially as it relates to ecclesiology or the nature of the Church.

Churches administer the Lord’s Supper and baptism, which makes them ecclesiological matters, and many non-denominational churches have a Baptist-like approach to these practices.

Also, see Christian Denominations Comparison Chart to learn more.

The Rise of Non-Denominational Churches

In the 20th century, many mainline Christian traditions, including Lutheranism, experienced internal conflict and division over theological and social issues.

Likewise, every Protestant denomination, including Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist, discussed (and fought over) how to deal with social concerns that challenged or altered historic Christian convictions.

Many conflicts continue today. Areas of disagreement include, but aren’t limited to:

• Social concerns: They disagree on the tolerance or acceptance of people who identify as LGBTQ and related matters like the definition of marriage, same-sex adoption, church membership, and church roles (e.g., ordination).

• Theological concerns: Areas of disagreement include the ordination of women, the authority and nature of the Bible, the exclusivity of the Gospel for salvation, and creation and evolution (and related matters like abortion and gender issues).

In many cases, these disagreements were not reconcilable and led to the establishment of new synods and churches.

As a result, some Christians grew disenfranchised by the influence liberal worldviews exerted to change centuries-long teachings and convictions.

Rather than change affiliations to another mainline Protestant tradition that was also experiencing similar infighting, many people opt for conservative, non-denominational churches.

Also, see What Do Lutherans Believe? to learn more.

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